CW1 & CW3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

CW1 & CW3 - Essay Example Reggae has always been associated with Rastafarianism, a culture where people wear dreadlocks hair covered with woollen hats in green, gold and red colours (Blake, 1997). Origin of Reggae Most of reggae’s original versions can be found in Mento, Ska and Rocky Steady. Reggae changed the original traditional patterns when they allowed guitar to play off-beat chords, while the bass guitar played melodic patterns (Waters, 1985). Music in the society was used to explain to the rest of the world the oppressions that the citizens were going through. The extreme pressures of lack of jobs, good houses and political unrest was becoming a menace at Kingston. This made many Rastafarians and singers to get into Rastafarianism as a way of escaping from the injustices that were being experienced in the society. Popular artists such as the wailers, Burning Spear, Bob (Andy), Gregory Isaacs, Culture and Marcia (Griffiths), became popular during this era and they all turned into Rastafarianism as a way of life (Knight & Martnez-Vergne, 2005). Reggae music had also an impact to the politics of Jamaica. The opposition leader at one time spoke of how the message in the music is interwoven with politics and it’s a good avenue where information can be passed from one generation to another. Thus music and politics cannot be separated. Since reggae evolved in the 60’s, it has become among the most listened to music genres as the culture that is contained in it is really appreciated. Bob Marley and the Wailers are the biggest sellers of the gene ever and their hit Exodus was voted the best and most influential album of the twentieth century. Musicians and groups such as; Black Uhuru, Gregory Isaacs, UB40, Maxi Priest, Shabba Ranks, Super Cat Shaggy, Buju Banton, Chaka Demus & Pliers, Beenie, Bounty, Sean Paul, TOK among others are the most influential artists that are spreading the music genre to many generations. They have earned a lot of cash and fame globally, an aspect that was not imagined to ever happen in the world of music (Longhurst, 2007). Impacts of Reggae in modern society The modern society is full of many social, political and economic issues. Music plays a greater role in spreading important information about what happens in any given societies. Gospel music, spreads the good news of God, patriotic songs talks about the love of one’s country, reggae music too has a message to pass to the rest of the world. Main themes that are found in most reggae songs are equality, justice, poverty, marriage, sex, drugs politics, religion among other many types of themes that the music spreads all over the world. It has been liked by most international audiences who views most African culture as being rich and of important lessons to their day to day lives (Potter, 1988). For a better understanding of the themes and message that the music brings forth, it is important to closely examine an artist who is commonly recognised as the father of reggae and Rastafarianism in Jamaica. The music of the late Bob Nesta Marley who introduced reggae music to international perspectives can be termed to combine a feel good of rhythm with militant call for justice and freedom from oppression. He was born in Jamaica’s countryside, but later moved to at a young age to Trench Town, Kingston, one of Jamaica’s most hopeless towns that one could imagine of living in. He abandoned school and left

Review Of Cruise Tourism And Malaysia Tourism Essay

Review Of Cruise Tourism And Malaysia Tourism Essay Cruise Tourism is one of the major growth areas of world tourism Peisley, 1992; Hobson, 1993; Cruise Lines International Association, 1995. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit: There seems little doubt that, by the turn of the century, cruising will be firmly established as one of the worlds major tourism industries with significant markets in North America, the UK, Europe and Asia. The total number of annual passengers will have reached 8 million plus Cruising is the fastest-growing sector of the international holiday scene (The Passenger Shipping Association, 2003). Cruise tourism can be defined as the use of ships for pleasure cruising and not merely for transportation (UNWTO, 1997). Ocean and coastal cruise tourism is unique in the manner in which it provides a combination of transportation, accommodation, entertainment, retail and destination services. Cruise liners can be regarded as floating resort facilities, which have the major advantage of seasonal repositioning. From its predominantly Caribbean base, cruise tourism has spread across the world, increasing ports of call in all regions. As well as this, river and canal cruising has grown rapidly, particularly in Europe and China. The cruise industry is growing, expanding and accessing new markets by, in part, bringing into reach a diversity of popular and successful destinations that are new for cruise tourism, by exploiting previously under-utilised ports (Younger, 2003). 2.1.1 The cruise industry The growth of the cruise market throughout the world, and perhaps more notably in the United Kingdom (UK) has been one of the most remarkable phenomena of the 1990s (Wild Dearing, 2000). The cruise industry is the fastest growing segment of the travel industry achieving more than 2,100 percent growth since 1970, when an estimated 500,000 people took a cruise. Industry estimates are that 13.5 million people took a cruise vacation in 2009, with a total of 14.3 million passengers forecasted to sail in 2010. (Cruise Lines International Association [CLIA], 2010). In early 2001, 64 new and larger capacity ships were in production, expanding passenger capacities by 35%. More than 50% of these ships are dedicated to the United States tourism market and are now operating throughout the Caribbean (Sparrow, 2004). The cruise industrys growth is also reflected in its expanding guest capacity. Nearly 40 new ships were built in the 1980s and during the 1990s, nearly 80 new ships debuted. By the end of 2009, over 100 new ships were introduced since 2000, with 12 new vessels on the way for 2010. (CLIA, 2010) These new vessels carry more passengers, more crew, generate more waste and consume more goods and services. 2.2 Theoretical Framework According to Weaver and Oppermann (2000), tourism is a complex phenomenon involving many actors and interactive factors. Some of the actors are tourists, tour operators, cruise lines and airlines. To be able to understand the complicated nature of the tourism industry, a system based approach is suitable. Leipers tourism model can be used as the theoretical framework as it views tourism as a form of a system in which there is an operational structure built up of interacting components. Leiper who was an early supporter of the adoption of a systems approach towards understanding tourism defined tourism as: . . . the system involving the discretionary travel and temporary stay of persons away from their usual place of residence for one or more nights, excepting tours made for the primary purpose of earning remuneration from points en route. The elements of the system are tourists, generating regions, transit routes, destination regions and a tourist industry. These five elements are arranged in spatial and functional connections. Having the characteristics of an open system, the organisation of five elements operates within broader environments: physical, cultural, social, economic, political, technological with which it interacts. The components of the tourism system are shown in the model below (fig 1.1). This whole tourism system approach helps to organise our knowledge about tourism and its relationship with cruises. Leipers approach was to try and understand destinations, generating areas, transit zones, the environment and flows within the context of a wider tourism system rather than seeing them as separate independent entities. In the model there are three interactive components: (i) the tourism generating region, (ii) the destination region and (iii) transit routes which link the two regions. It is evident that transport forms an integral part of the tourism system by linking the tourist generating and destination regions together. Collier (1994) classifies tourism transport on several bases (e.g. public or private sector transport, water/land/air transport; domestic and international transport and mode of transport). Cruise tourism is considered as a system in which cruisers and operators are major actors. The tourism-generating region and the destination region are linked together through cruising which is also a tourism product. This makes cruise ships a unique form of tourism transport. People go on a cruise more than they go to a place. And yet their major competition is not other forms of transport but real places. As Morrison et al. (1996: 15) put it: Instead of competing with the airlines, the cruise lines have become their partners and now compete with destinations, resorts, and other vacation alternatives. The cruise ship itself has become a floating resort providing the maximum possible leisure and entertainment facilities. However Leipers model has been criticized for being simplistic (Prosser, 1998). Prosser provided a more detailed model that, he claimed, represents more effectively the inner complexities of the tourism environment. 2.3 SWOT analysis for Mauritius SWOT is an acronym where the letters stand for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. It is a commonly used analytical tool in business environments that has become firmly established in the literature of strategic management (Evans, et al. 2003). A SWOT analysis is a useful way of assessing the situation that a destination faces in its effort to develop cruise tourism. . According to Weihrich (1982), the SWOT analysis is the process of analysing organisations and their environments based on their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. This includes the environmental analysis, the process of scanning the business environment for threats and opportunities, which is considered as external factors, and the organisational analysis, the process of analysing a firms strengths and weaknesses as internal factors. Internal factors Strengths Weaknesses A strategically located port in the Indian Ocean Capacity and Infrastructure constraints- too few berths Safe and wonderful tourism destination Cyclonic period during the months of November to May Pleasant climate practically whole year round Nautical constraints- For many big cruise vessels at the same time Variety of land-based and water-based attractions Poor maintenance of beaches and attractions A great variety of cultures Low awareness in the market about cruise tourism in Mauritius Relatively good basic structures(hospitals, roads) and a good transport system Mauritius considered as an expensive destination and not within the reach of many World class quality services by Tour Operators, Hotels, Restaurants, and Travel Agents. Poor service at the port and untrained staff Minimum formalities on arrival of cruise vessels Poor road links to certain location and place of interest Lack of industry cohesion No strategic plan at MPA and MOT level External Factors Opportunities Threats Estimated two million tourists by the year 2015 Seasonality of the industry Brand name- Ile Maurice un plaisir Threats by terrorists and Somalian Pirates The cruise market Potential is strong for Regional/ International growth Competition from other exotic tourism destinations Improvement of physical infrastructure including adequate parking facilities at places of interest and other recreational areas Likely increase in oil prices affecting cost of travel Political stability of market of origin Economic uncertainty- late bookings and close-to-home cruises to avoid expense on flying Air network expansion facilitating Fly-cruise concept Strong growth of European demand (German, French and Spanish markets) 2.4 Sustainable development issues of cruise tourism: Although a relatively new phenomenon, tourism has become one of the worlds largest industries in recent years. According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO, 2004), sustainable tourism development meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future. In 2008, International tourism arrival reached there were 922 million worldwide, with a growth of 1.9% as compared to 2007. (WTO) Given its total significance, it is not surprising that the tourism industry has a substantial environmental impact. In particular, tourism development is associated with environmental problems like deforestation, soil or beach erosion, and coral ecosystem destruction. Since tourism development also tends to result in rapid urbanization, it can contribute to such problems as increased air and water pollution, as well as inadequate solid waste management (Baver and Lynch 2006, 5). The scale and gravity of these impacts tend to be amplified in the Caribbean, where the environment comprises some of the most fragile ecosystems on earth, including beaches, coral reefs, and tropical forests (Lynch 2006, 158). When sustainable tourism has been applied to the industry, more emphasis has been given to tourisms effects upon the environment and economy, rather than to factors related to its effect on communities (Hardy et al, 2002: 491) Cruise tourism is currently going through a period of revival with new vessels being launched and sailing to ever more exotic places. Criticisms Hunter (1997) argues that different interpretations of sustainable tourism are appropriate urder different circumstances. The study of sustainable tourism should not be a rigid framework, but an adaptive paradigm which legitimizes a variety of approaches according to specific circtimstances (Htinter, 1997: 851).

Modernizing The Crucible Essay -- The Crucible Arthur Miller Witchcraf

Modernizing The Crucible Imagine you are a director who has been asked to direct a modern version of The Crucible. Decide on how you would make the play modern and the kind of setting that you feel is the most appropriate for conveying the themes of the play. In your discussion, you should deal with what you feel are the main themes of the play that you want to focus on and how the setting will enhance and even add depth to what you have to say. Firstly, I feel that in order to make the play as modern as possible, the play has to have a feel which all of its viewers can instantly identify with, as well as being realistic when compared with current world events. Hence the setting which produces the most realistic play, as well as portraying events that viewers can identify strongly with, will therefore be the most appropriate for conveying the themes of the play. I have also decided to elaborate on the themes of hysteria, intolerance, integrity and choosing a scapegoat. For my setting, I will rely heavily on a combination of two world events that, in differen...

An Ideal Hero: Greek vs. Roman

EvansHUM 2210 REVIEW SHEET EXAM 1 LISTS 1. Features that identify a society as â€Å"civilized†a. Agriculture (irrigation) and breeding of animals = surplus food (goats, peig, cattle, sheep). Wheat, barley, rice, and maize. (Sci&Tech- polish stone tools. Ex: stone sickles)b. Cities: large apartment settlements= standard architecture & surplus manpowerc. Writing (â€Å"gifts of the gods†)= records. Pictograph, ideogram, cuneiform.d. Institutions for centralized & inherited power . – Priesthood for centralized sacred ritual – Kingship for centralized political and social structure (Paraoh= kings in Egypt) .2. Geographical areas of early civilizations (Attached) 3. Ages of early Greek mythology to Ovid ( Poet of Metamorphoses)a. Origin of humans: sacred clay (wise and rulers) blood of titans (murderous and criminals), and stones(endurance)b. 4 ages as decline: Golden (peace), Silver (seasons &farming), Bronze (war), Iron (mining, deforestation, crime).4. Dominant and alternate cultural themes in the Iliad Audience: upper-class men Purpose: cultural propaganda.Greek Heros= models of courage & skill to men (what to be) & women (what to look for- sense of security). a. Dominant Theme: warrior code of personal honor and glory b. Contrasting themes: Family principle, simple country life vs. war, admiration of enemies. 5. Literary works by Homer Blind poet Homer – represents the culmination of a long and vigorous tradition in which oral recitation—possibly to instrumental accompaniment—was a popular kind of entertainment. Iliad, Odyssey.6. Major column types in Greek architecture (know the parts) a. Doric: Plan projects streng th, power. Useful for king or state intimidate?Temple to powerful gods. b. Ionic: elegant, sophisticated. Useful for gods and people of wisdom. Libraries. c. Corinthian: more sophisticated. Projects wealth and power that comes with it. Useful to imperial Rome to intimidate and amaze. Makes the emperor or state look all powerful, even if they aren’t! [pic]7. Major parts of architectural buildings on the Acropolis of Athens (City on the hills. Ex: Propyleia & Parthenon) a. Propylaia: Monumental entrance as the gate/threshold into the sacred hill. b. Athena Nike: shrine to Athena as goddess of victory. Guardian of the hill. c. Parthenon (the Virgin) East Pediment (front): birth of Athena. Born from the head of Zeus= intuition. Feminine principle of wisdom, sacred bird is the one. – West Pediment (back): Competition between Athena & Poseidon for Athens. Ancestors chose Athen’s gift for the olive tree= they preferred to war. Athenians all sheer this wisdom and desire for peace. – The metopes (framed carvings on each side): the victories over the Amazons, centaurs, giants, and Trojans/Persians = justice prevails over brute force, aggression.8. Major philosophers of the Greek Classical and Hellenistic periods Greek Classical: a. Moral: Socrates Dialectic Method= critical approach. Question & answer search for â€Å"Truth† – â€Å"Knowledge is virtue† & â€Å"to know the good is to do the good. † – â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living† – â€Å"Produced skeptics (only believe what is absolutely certain) & agnostics (don’t believe what is not known for certain). b. Social: Plato – Student of Socrates; Founded Academy in Athens, 387 B. C. – Theory of Forms: where is â€Å"Truth†: uncanning, state Level 4: Knowledge= certainties Level 3: Thinking= math geometry abstracts Lower Levels: Opinions Level 2: Beliefs (â€Å"Material world is true gone. ) Level 1: I maginings (â€Å"Images [art] = reality) – Allegory of the Cave. Truth is painful. c. Logic: Aristotle – Student of Plato, founded school in Athens, 335 B. C. – Organized natural sciences into biology, zoology, botany – Theory of Universals: Inductive Science: Universals discovered from particulars, therefore studying the material world can (only) produce universals/ absolutes. Plato’s dualism devalued study of material world. – Deductive/Formal Logic for ethics and science Hellenistic: a. Epicuranism – Founder: Epicurus (341-271 B. C. ) Atomist: all matter made up of atoms so all forms are random; no controls – No afterlife: death= end; no judgment – Absolute free will: each creates own destiny; absolute individuality – Goal of life: Pleasure (hedone> hedonism) *individual pleasure -> society would crush Pleasure: absence of pain. Pain < unsatisfied desires. Minimal desires > Peace & pleasure; harmony = agreemen t between desires and fulfillment. Life of Moderation (Ex: credit card vs. cash budget). b. Stoicism *Resistance cause pain, learn to live the Stoic life. – Founder: Zeno (334-262 B. C. ) Social Logos (=Heraclitus): All natural and society controlled by reason. The destiny of one is the FOR THE GOOD OF THE WHOLE. Happiness < accepting one’s destiny. – Suffering < resisting predestined life – Stoic Goal: Evenness, dispassionate= no joy in success, no sorrow in failure. – Brotherhood of Man: Logos Lives in everything and everyone as fire DEFINITION (know the basic meaning or reference of each term) -Polytheism/monotheism: the belief in many gods/ the belief in only one god. – Post & lintel: the simplest form or architectural construction, consisting of vertical members (posts) and supporting horizontals (lintels). Caste System: a rigid social stratification in India based on differences in wealth, rank, or occupation. – Muse/muses: musi c – Ziggurat: a terraced tower of rubble and brick that served ancient Mesopotamians as a temple-shrine. – Pharaoh: title of Egyptian king. – Dialectic: question-and- answer style (Socrates) – Animism: the belief that the forces of nature are inhibited by spirits. – Homeopathic: power infused based on likeness or imitation. *exaggerates sometime. – Hellenistic: followed by the Classical era; the blending of Greek, African, and Asian cultures. – Pantheism: the belief that a divine spirit pervades all things in universe. Contagion: power transferred by contact. – Stoic Logos: Seminal Reason, through which all things came to be, by which all things were ordered, and to which all things returned. – Myth: story form (poetry) vs. philosophy or scientific explanation; typically involving gods and ancestors with supernatural power. Purpose: to order universe and society. – Ethnocentric: the belief in the inherent superior ity of one's own ethnic group or culture. – Epicureanism: Happiness depending on avoiding all forms of physical excess; valued plain living and the perfect union of body and mind.Gods played no part in human life, and death was nothing more than the rearrangement of atoms which the body and all of nature consist. – Covenant: contract; the bod between the Hebrew people and their god. – Yin/Yang: the principle, which ancient Chinese emperors called â€Å"the foundation of the entire universe,† interprets all nature as the dynamic product of two interacting cosmic forces, or modes of energy, commonly configured as twin interpenetrating shapes enclosed within a circle. Yang- male principle: lightness, hardness, brightness, warmth, and the sun. Ying- female principle: darkness, softness, moisture, coolness, the earth. Metope: the square panel between the beam ends under the roof of a structure. – Plato’s Theory of Forms:where is â€Å"Truth†? Above: perfect world of forms: originals, absolute, uncanning state. Below: imperfect world of matter: copies, changing, opinions. – Ideal tragedy: hero’s life changes from fortune to misfortune due to intellectual error. – Pediment: the triangular space forming the gable of a two-pitched roof in Classical architecture; any similar triangular form found over a portico, door, or window. – Epic History: a long narrative poem that recounts the deeds of a legendary or historical hero in his quest for meaning or identity.IDENTIFICATION: Know who or what each refers to -Venus Figurines: sympathetic & contagious magic for fertility of nature and humans. -Stone Henge: sacred space; limitation of celestial world? Sun and moon for their fertility power? -Parthenon: the outstanding architectural achievement of Golden Age Athens -Gate of Ishtar: one of the eight gates of the inner city of Babylon (main entrance), was built during the reign of King Nebuchadnezzar II (604- 562 BC), after he burned Jerusalem. Starting point for Nebuchadnezzar II, after he bought the kingdom of Judah to an end; he wants to beautify the capital. Achilles: Achaean (Greek) hero of the Trojan War, the central character and the greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad. -Plato: Wrote the famous treatise, Republic. Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens. -Hammurapi: sixth king of Babylon, known for the set of laws called Hammurabi's Code, one of the first written codes of law in recorded history. -Athena: goddess of wisdom and war. -Sophocles: second of the great tragedians, developed his plots through the actions of the characters.He modified the ceremonial formality of earlier Greek tragedies by individualizing the characters and introducing moments of great psychological intimacy. Antigone -Confucius : Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Au tumn Period of Chinese history. The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. -Zeus: the powerful sky god. -Epicurus: Greek thinker who advocated Epicuranism. -Moses: the leader who led the Hebrews across the Red Sea. -Antigone: A tragic play wrote by Sophocles.Proceed from the last phase of the history of Thebes. The play deals with many issues: duty to family (generation) vs. duty to state/law; female willpower vs. male authority (gender) -Homer: poet who wrote Iliad and Odyssey -Aristotle: Student of Plato, Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics. -Zeno: Founder of Stoicism. MAP (be able to match the culture with its geography) 2. Nile r. / Jerusalem/Egypt 3. Euphrates r. / Tigris r. Persia /Babylon/ Mesopotamia 4. Olympus /Athens/ Aegean Sea/ Greece [pic]

Independence for women Essay

Independence of women Speaking of women’s independence, people will think of the image that women determined to fght with men in workplace. This is widely recognized in our life. In fact, the independence not only mean argue with men in the career, it’s about women find their own position or not. So independence is a self-understanding because it may decide you can get more personal benefit from the economic, ideological or social, and it will make you have a good attitude and new values. Women should be economically independent, and then they have qualified to talk about respect or quality. In order to make a living, unmarried women can’t put hopes on marry the rich men. Many girls who always rely on rich men, over time, those men may feel tired. Because of economic problems, the girls’ boyfriend will have contradiction with you. If there are more and more conflicts, your feeling will fade. Moreover, Women should keep their own Job or still have economic source when they married. In â€Å"chocolate† movie, Josephine because of her identity has problem. She had to rely on her husband. His husband thought her life was saved by him. So he hit and humiliated her all the time. She can’t get respect or equality in her family. Ideology determines women’s behavior, so only being able to form their own opinions, it will make you behavior gets more approval from others. Women’s behavior is their expression of ideology. People often said, wonderful thinking, wonderful life. In â€Å"chocolate† movie, the heroine has her own opinions. She always did everything according to her ideas. Finally she got more attention and help people change old opinions. Besides, Ideology affects women’s relationships with others. Even some men like give women suggestions or ideas. If women have different mind to share with them, they may be amazed at women’s thinking, and also will praise women. Social independent make women adapt to social development and change, and it leads you have more improve. Women easy to lost goal or mind in the constantly changing society. Women can’t expect someone can give you ideas. In â€Å"the namesake† movie, the heroine’s husband always stays with her, and helps her figure out problems. When she lost her husband, she didn’t know how to continue the rest of live. Social independence can attract more attention from others. In â€Å"chocolate† ovie, because of the leading lady was good at independent living, it makes people pay attention to her. Finally, they found, it leads their life to good direction. Therefore, it won more respect and love for her. All in all, women independence doesn’t mean completely dependent on others, it is women’s self-understanding because it can get more benefit, and it will get more love and attention from other people. So, economic, ideological or social independent is necessary for women. At the same time, I hope every woman have ability to independently, and they can play more and more important role in social life, including myself.

Victorian Desalination Project

Victorian Desalination Project Initiating The Victorian State Government initiated Victorian Desalination Project in 2007 due to changes in climatic conditions and declining supply of fresh water in Melbourne and its surrounding.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Victorian Desalination Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Objectives The Project objective is to supply 150 GL (gigalitre) of water per annum. It will also have the ability to increase supply based on demands up to 200 GL per year. The Project shall also ensure that the cities get fresh water that meets water standards as set by State water policy. The plant must meet water needs of the population and must optimise its supply network. Scope AquaSure defined the Project scope under the plant, power supply marine, pipeline, and renewable energy. The plant This focused on the quantity and quality of water supplied to Melbourne and its surroundings. The plant uses high standards of techn ology to drive desalination processes based on reverse osmosis technique. The plant is energy-efficient and has a living green roof. Marine The water for the plant comes from the sea. Thus, the Project developer approach aimed at protecting the marine environment through dug inlet and outlet pipes. The Project met specifications of Australian environmental standards. Pipelines The project has underground pipes covering a distance of 84 km. The pipeline uses the two-way system to ensure uninterrupted water supply.Advertising Looking for report on environmental law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Power supply According to the State Government, the Project shall consume 90MW of power to generate 150 GL of water per year (Victoria State Government, 2012). Power supply will increase if the plan supplies 200 GL per annum. The Project has based its power supply on renewable energy concept to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The Plant also has Renewable Energy Certificate (REC). REC implies that the government shall purchase the energy from the national grid to compensate for power supply. The plant consumes more energy that it can generate from green sources like solar, wind farms, and landfill gas energy. The plant has reliable energy supply. Renewable energy Under REC arrangement, the government shall compensate power supply from the grid. Planning The planning process identified key dates for important events. Planning processes also accounted for the Projects resources, risk, time, and cost management (Lester, 2006). Procurement The State Government used the Public Private Partnership (PPP) method in procurement processes. The State Government argued that it would reduce risks, costs, ensure a quality design and construction from the expertise of the private sector, protect interests of the public and ensure competitive processes to maximise value for money. The State Government used laws an d Acts to guide the process of procurement, which AquaSure won after successful bidding procedures.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Victorian Desalination Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The PPP method is effective in achieving life efficiency, improving design quality, protecting the quality of services, and ensuring flexibility in managing the Project so as to achieve value for money. The Project commenced during the recession of 2009 and the subsequent euro crisis. The State Government formulated strategies to combat any changes in the cost of the Project related to financial market activities. Some of these methods included equal sharing of losses with AquaSure, sharing based on specified rates, seeking alternative funding, or termination of the Project and repaying the debts (Kerzner, 2000). Cost Management The PPP method guaranteed the State Government effective cost management right from the bidding process with substantial savings. Under this method, AquaSure shall incur all the additional costs of the Project. Public Sector Comparator (Net present cost) AquaSure’s Winning Bid (Net present cost) saving $6,656 billion $5,720 billion 14.1% Source: Partnerships Victoria Project Summary The Project had a maximum cost of $5.7 billion after 30 years. This would cater for all resources and construction of the Project. Consumers shall pay for the increased water costs so as to fund the Project. The REC also ensured fixed costs of energy for the plant. Risk Management AquaSure and the State Government shared the Project’s risk. This was another reason for using the PPP model. According to the Victorian Desalination Project Summary, risks covered site risks, scope risks, design, construction and commissioning risks, operational risks, industrial relations, asset risks, change in law, and sponsor and finance risk (Victoria State Government, 2012).Advertising Looking for report on environmental law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More AquaSure would be responsible for water quality and supply for the next 30 years, but the State Government must ensure the water meets safety standards. PPP model also reduced risks associated with the Project delay (Chapman and Ward, 2003). Integration Management The Project integrated all elements of its scope such as the plant, pipelines, power supply, marine, and renewable energy in order to create Victorian Desalination Plant. This process depended on objectives and resources of the Project for water supply by 2012. Communications Management Communication process started when the State Government declared its interest to construct the plant. Communication process was official. It involved the affected landlords, the public and other stakeholders of the Project. These are the people who had interests and power over the project (Project Management Institute, 2008). Communication management also involved updating stakeholders about the Project progress. The Project relied on media communication and press briefings. Executing AquaSure executed the Project in October 2009. The Project commissioned water for reliability test on September 2012. This tests cover water quality and reliability of the plant and its components. Time Management The project started on 2009, and it was to supply fresh water by 2011. The contract for the Project shall end in September 2039. The Project shows effectiveness time management that was possible due to the PPP method. However, there were cases of delay due to weather, slowdown, and technical challenges. AquaSure claimed that cyclonic weather had affected their operation resulting into loss of working hours. The Project also experienced industrial action from protesting workers. There were also reports of about failures involving 99 percent of the water valves resulting into delay (Drill, 2011). This is the Project Milestone on key events. Key Events Date Contract Close 30 July 2009 Financial Close 02 September 2009 Com mercial Acceptance (water delivery) 19 December 2011 Reliability Testing January – June 2012 Contract expiry date 30 September 2039 Source: Victoria Desalination Project Summary (Project Milestone) Monitoring and controlling The State Government monitors water quality and reliability of the plant. AquaSure monitored and controlled the design and construction process. Monitoring and controlling enabled AquaSure to adjust time in order to fit delay from bad weather, unionised workers slowdown, and valves’ failure. Closing process The Project is ongoing. Thus, the closing process has not begun. However, the AquaSure shall review the Projects achievements against its set objectives based on the Project scope. AquaSure shall close the project by February 2013 (Lock, 2007). The Close down Report Victorian Desalination Project is still ongoing until 2039. AquaSure shall prepare the closure report upon the Project completion. However, the plant commissioned water supply on October 2012. The actual work shall end in 2013. Reference List Capital Projects Division 2009, Partnerships Victoria Project Summary: Victorian Desalination Project, Capital Projects Division, Victoria. Chapman, C and Ward, S 2003, Project Risk Management: Processes, Techniques and Insights, 2nd edn, Wiley Sons, Chichester. Drill, S 2011, Wonthaggi desalination plant faces four-month delay, Herald Sun, Melbourne. Kerzner, H 2000, Applied Project Management: Best Practices on Implementation, Wiley, New York. Lester, A 2006, Project Management, Planning and Control, 5th edn, Elsevier Science Technology Books, Loughborough. Lock, D 2007, Project Management, 9th edn, Gower Publishing Limited, Hampshire. Project Management Institute 2008, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge: PMBOK Guide, 4th edn, Project Management Institute Inc, Pennsylvania. Victoria State Government 2012, Government Initiatives, https://www.water.vic.gov.au/

Controlling Case Study Essays

Controlling Case Study Essays Controlling Case Study Essay Controlling Case Study Essay Abstract This paper surveies direction control design of supplier relationships in fabrication. a supply concatenation stage presently under-explored. Compared to supplier dealingss during procurance and R A ; D. which research found to be governed by a combination of formal and informal controls. provider dealingss in fabrication are more formal. so that they could be governed by more formal and less informal controls. To polish the direction control system and act uponing eventualities. we propose a theoretical model specifically adapted for the fabrication phase. This model is investigated by an in deepness instance survey of the provider direction control of a Volvo Cars production installation. We identify three types of providers visualising the associations in the model and exemplifying the framework’s explicative power in ( automotive ) fabrication. Furthermore. the instance contradicts that provider dealingss in the fabrication stage are governed by small informal control. because the car manufacturer extremely values the function of trust edifice and societal force per unit area. Most notably. a structured provider squad maps as a kin and establishes informal control among take parting providers. which strengthens the automaker’s control on dyadic provider dealingss. Keywords: Management control ; Supplier relationships ; Manufacturing ; Contingency theory ; Case research ; Automotive 2 1. Introduction In the current economic environment. characterised by globalization and enhanced degrees of competition. companies require an effectual supply concatenation with inter-organizational relationships ( IORs ) to endeavor for sustainable competitory advantage. Not surprisingly. surveies show that IORs have a high possible impact on organisation public presentation ( e. g. Anderson A ; Dekker. 2005 ) . Literature. nevertheless. besides argues that many IORs do non supply the expected benefits and are frequently terminated because of pull offing troubles ( Ireland. Hitt A ; Vaidynanath. 2002 ) . Academicians frequently propose that deficiency of coordination and timeserving behavior of spouses are the two chief grounds for the comparatively high relationship failure rate ( e. g. Dekker. 2004 ) . Hence. direction control systems ( MCSs ) are argued to play a critical function in forestalling such failure. by set uping administration mechanisms to command the relationship ( Ireland et al. . 2002 ) . The cardinal end of MCSs is to act upon determination devising in achieving strategic aims ( Nixon A ; Burns. 2005 ) . In an inter-organizational scene. this implies making bilateral inducements to prosecute common ends. Already in the ninetiess. bookmans started naming for more attending for this subject ( e. g. Hopwood. 1996 ; Otley. 1994 ) . and have non stopped since ( e. g. new wave der Meer-Kooistra A ; Vosselman. 2006 ) . Consequently. inter-organisational MCSs have been studied from several angles. including outsourcing ( e. g. Anderson. Glenn A ; Sedatole. 2000 ) . inter-organizational cost direction ( e. g. Cooper A ; Slagmulder. 2004 ) . partnerships ( e. g. Seal. Berry. Cullen. Dunlop A ; Ahmed. 1999 ) . strategic confederations ( e. g. Dekker 2004 ) . webs ( e. g. Kajuter A ; Kulmala. 2005 ) and joint ventures ( e. g. Kamminga A ; van der MeerKooistra. 2007 ) . Yet. the chief accent was put on relational coaction during the first phases of the supply concatenation. viz. procurance. which involves the make-or-buy determination. spouse choice and contract design. and R A ; D. Although this historical focal point is surely justified. direction control in a ulterior stage of the supply concatenation. viz. fabricating. remains comparatively under-explored ( Cooper A ; Slagmulder. 2004 ; Langfield-Smith A ; Smith. 2003 ) . However. purchased merchandises and services for fabricating history for more than 60 % of the mean company’s sum costs ( Degraeve A ; Roodhooft. 2001 ) and are capable to uninterrupted betterment with providers. besides necessitating equal direction control. Therefore. this survey illustrates how makers design the MCS of provider dealingss in the fabrication stage of the supply concatenation. which we refer to as manufacturer-supplier relationships ( MSRs ) . In other words. we abstract from 3 procurance and R A ; D influences. 1 Nevertheless. direction control research on old supply concatenation phases. offers a first theoretical penetration into how a MCS for MSRs could look like. In peculiar. anterior empirical research on IORs such as R A ; D coaction ( Cooper A ; Slagmulder. 2004 ) . strategic confederations ( Dekker 2004 ) and joint ventures ( Kamminga A ; van der Meer-Kooistra. 2007 ) found MCSs that combine both formal controls. like result controls. and more informal controls. such as trust edifice. Besides the executing of service outsourcing undertakings. like industrial care ( van der Meer-Kooistra A ; Vosselman. 2000 ) . IT ( Langfield-Smith A ; Smith. 2003 ) and accounting ( Nicholson. Jones A ; Espenlaub. 2006 ) is governed by a combined MCS. So if we assume these findings to keep for other IOR types ( external cogency ) and neglect possible characteristic differences. MSRs could be expected to be governed by a combination of formal and informal control every bit good. Yet. by taking into history differences between MSRs and other types of IORs. the MCS design could be different. In that regard. we argue that fabrication is more formal than procurance and R A ; D. Indications for that statement and its effects for direction control can be found in the direction control model of Das A ; Teng ( 2001 ) . Based on the variables in their framework2. undertaking programmability and outcome quantifiability. it should be clear that for fabricating both variable degrees are high. or at least higher than in the instance of procurance and R A ; D. Consequently. the model indicates that formal controls are suited mechanisms to regulate MSRs. This statement is strengthened by the type of cognition use in MSRs. for which organisation literature provides a clear differentiation between cognition geographic expedition and cognition development. On the one manus. it is argued that the first supply concatenation stages. think of procurance and R A ; D. purpose at cognition geographic expedition. while the ulterior phases. like fabrication. chiefly 1 Obviously. procurance and R A ; D do impact the fabrication stage. Yet. as our purpose is polishing supplier MCS design in the fabrication stage. we intentionally exclude these influences. In footings of research methodological analysis. this abstraction is put into operation by analyzing a MSR between a maker installation and provider installation merely covering with fabrication. while procurance and R A ; D are handled by their several female parent companies ( cf portion three of this paper research methodology ) . 2 Although this model was originally developed by Ouchi ( 1979 ) for usage in MCS design within organisations. Das A ; Teng ( 2001 ) further adapted it for usage in IORs. Task programmability refers to the grade to which directors understand the transmutation procedure in which appropriate behavior is to take topographic point. Outcome quantifiability refers to the ability to mensurate result exactly and objectively. When outcome quantifiability is high/low and task programmability is low/high. formal outcome/behaviour control should be set up to regulate the relation. When both dimensions are low. informal control is preferred. but when both steps are high. both result and behaviour control are suited control mechanisms ( Das A ; Teng. 2001 ) . 4 purpose at cognition development. On the other manus. research shows that the geographic expedition of cognition is best governed by informal controls. while cognition development is most adequately controlled by formal controls ( Bijlsma-Frankema A ; Costa. 2005 ) . Thus. based on the features of high undertaking programmability. high result quantifiability and cognition development ends. MSRs could be expected to be governed by chiefly formal controls with small informal controls. In other words. the literature offers different direction control designs for MSRs sing the informal control degree. Therefore. this survey investigates how the MCS of MSRs is designed and how of import informal controls are in that design. in peculiar in IORs between an original equipment maker ( OEM ) and providers of outsourced fabrication activities in the trendsetting automotive industry ( cf Womack. Jones A ; Roos. 1990 ) . An car is a complex merchandise manufactured with 1000s of constituents. Consequently. besides this industry progressively outsourced non-core activities and started trusting on providers to make lower costs. To that terminal. a assortment of supply concatenation direction patterns has been implemented. such as thin supply and uninterrupted betterment. Yet. these induce the demand for appropriate direction control structures and bi-directional communicating to form and pull off the relation ( Carr A ; Ng. 1995 ; Scannell. Vickery A ; Droge. 2000 ) . In that regard. one peculiar car manufacturer. viz. Toyota. is known for partnering with providers. reassigning its expertness to assist providers and put ining softer signifiers of control including trust. To regulate the hunt for uninterrupted betterment in fabrication. Toyota established the Toyota Group by agencies of a provider association. an operations direction consulting division and voluntary little group larning squads ( Dyer A ; Nobeoka. 2000 ) . However. practician literature ( e. g. Automotive News/Automotive News Europe ) describes several other car manufacturers regulating this hunt by to a great extent formalized provider dealingss. Contrary to cooperation during procurance and R A ; D. fabrication is argued to go much more demanding towards providers. Car manufacturers progressively transfer fabricating hazard and supply duty to first-tier providers. which consequences in providers presenting to really tight just-in-time and in-sequence agendas ( Alford. Sackett A ; Nelder. 2000 ) . As a consequence. OEMs install formal controls and provider betterment techniques. which alert providers to the importance of bettering supply public presentation at lower costs. Hence. besides automotive pattern shows grounds of high and low degrees of informal control. Therefore. this survey specifically investigates how the MCS of automotive MSRs is designed. Yet. besides exemplifying MCS design. this paper contributes to explicating MCS design of automotive 5 MSRs. To our cognition. small inter-organizational direction control research specifically investigated eventuality theory’s explicative power in fabrication. Naturally. several documents study influences on MCS design in production environments. like the impact of fabricating flexibleness ( Abernethy A ; Lillis. 1995 ) . customization and related mutuality ( Bouwens A ; Abernethy. 2000 ) . net income Centre scheme ( Lillis. 2002 ) . production scheme. production engineering and organisation ( van Veen-Dirks. 2006 ) . However. these surveies investigate features explicating MCS design in one administration. while our survey focuses on inter-organizational dealingss. To that terminal. we propose a refined theoretical eventuality model based on recent inter-organizational direction control theory. but specifically adapted for the fabrication phase. This model proposes several eventualities finding the degree of hazard. which is governed by different degrees of direction control techniques. In order to exemplify the cogency of the model in pattern and reply how and why car manufacturers design their MCS. we perform an in deepness instance survey of the dealingss between a installation ( VCG ) of the international OEM Volvo Cars and a choice of its first-tier provider installations. The instance survey provides considerable grounds of three supplier types. viz. batch. low value-added just-in-sequence and high value-added just-in-sequence providers. visualising the associations in the model between eventualities. hazards and direction controls. These controls include both formal and informal techniques. of which trust edifice and societal force per unit area are extremely valued. Most notably. VCG’s structured supplier squad maps as a kin and establishes informal control among take parting providers. which strengthens control on the OEM’s dyadic provider dealingss. As our model draws on instance findings from other less formal IORs. it seems that our instance findings offer more grounds of their external cogency. That manner. the findings contradict that informal controls play a minor function in automotive MSRs. In peculiar. VCG’s MCS. uniting both formal and informal controls. is argued to be designed specifically to better supply public presentation. The balance of this paper is organized as follows. In the 2nd portion. we develop the theoretical eventuality model. The 3rd portion describes the instance research methodological analysis. The 4th portion is the existent instance survey. which presents VCG. describes three supplier types by agencies of eventuality degrees and clarifies how VCG designed the MCS regulating them. In the 5th portion. we discuss our findings by comparing VCG’s direction control with old findings and lucubrating on the significance of VCG’s provider squad. We conclude the paper with a sum-up of the chief findings and some avenues for farther research. 6 2. Theoretical model In this portion. we develop a theoretical eventuality model for MCS design of MSRs. which can be found in figure I. gt ; Contingency theory originated with the purpose of explicating the construction of organisations by peculiar fortunes. Subsequently. direction accounting research workers adopted and further developed the theory in order to explicate the form of MCSs in organisations ( e. g. Chenhall. 2003 ; Luft A ; Shields. 2003 ) . Therefore. eventuality theory suits this survey. sing MCS design of MSRs and its explicative variables. The cardinal construct of the model is the degree of hazard a certain MSR runs. Inter-organizational direction control theory proposes two types of hazard. which consequence from five different situational ancestors. qualifying the MSR. Although we clarify both hazard types individually. we stress the integrative reading of all eventualities jointly finding both degrees of hazard. Subsequently. this hazard is governed by different direction control instruments. either with a big or a little function for informal control. 3 2. 1. Performance hazard The first hazard type is public presentation hazard. defined as the chance of non accomplishing the MSR aims. despite satisfactory cooperation ( Das A ; Teng. 2001 ) . This type of hazard is besides referred to as coordination requirements ( Dekker. 2004 ; Gulati A ; Singh. 1998 ) or the command of events ( Tomkins. 2001 ) . As the MSR nonsubjective concerns fabricating as many merchandises of the order book as possible. on clip. with good quality at the lowest possible cost. public presentation hazard is the hazard of a supply concatenation break upseting the realization of this end. Three eventualities related to engineering addition this hazard. viz. complexness. undertaking uncertainness and undertaking mutuality ( Chenhall. 2003 ) . Yet as complexness and undertaking uncertainness are extremely related ( Chenhall. 2003 ) . the model does non include complexness individually ( cf Dekker. 2004 ) . 3 Harmonizing to van Veen-Dirks ( 2006 ) . all situational features and MCS features are determined jointly alternatively of consecutive. Besides Kamminga A ; van der Meer-Kooistra ( 2007 ) propose that the influence of eventualities is non determined by each ancestor as such. but by their interaction. In add-on. they suggest analyzing control as an integrative construct. in which all control dimensions are incorporated. Consequently. we do non suggest one-on-one associations between one specific eventuality. one specific type of hazard and one specific type of control. suggested to accommodate that hazard type. Alternatively. our theoretical account at the same time surveies the associations between situational eventualities. hazards and direction control techniques. as put frontward by the three boxes of figure I. The boxes of eventualities and hazards are put together to emphasize their mutuality and joint impact on direction control. 7 Task uncertainness relates to variableness in transmutation undertakings and the available cognition of methods for executing those undertakings ( Chenhall. 2003 ) . This situational characteristic determines the quantifiability trouble of end product and activities ( Kamminga A ; van der Meer-Kooistra. 2007 ; van der MeerKooistra A ; Vosselman. 2000 ) . which increases with increasing degrees of complexness of both the delivered merchandise and its operational procedures ( Woodward. 1965 ) . The first complexness is related to the added value of the merchandise and bit by bit increases depending on whether the provider delivers a standard constituent or an of import customized faculty ( Cooper A ; Slagmulder. 2004 ) . The 2nd complexness regards the added value of the production procedure and reflects the complexness of the supplier’s fabrication processes needed to efficaciously bring forth and present merchandises as required. Task mutuality refers to the grade to which subactivities of the value creative activity procedure have been split up and made dependant on each other ( Dekker. 2004 ) . In MSRs. this mutuality is consecutive ( Thompson. 1967 ) 4. because the relation involves reassigning the supplier’s end product to the manufacturer’s input procedure. The degree of consecutive mutuality is impacted by the dependance degree of the manufacturer’s operational public presentation on the supply quality ( timeliness and merchandise quality ) . Furthermore. the mutuality degree of a specific MSR is influenced by the production flexibleness required from both parties and the manufacturer’s deficiency of precise cognition to execute activities antecedently done in-house. 2. 2. Relational hazard The 2nd type of hazard is relational hazard. connoting the chance of non holding satisfactory cooperation because of timeserving behavior of the provider. exemplified in fiddling. rip offing. falsifying information and appropriating resources ( Das and Teng. 2001 ) . This type of hazard is besides referred to as appropriation concerns ( Dekker. 2004 ; Gulati A ; Singh. 1998 ) or the coevals of trust ( Tomkins. 2001 ) . Transaction cost economic sciences ( TCE ) theory5 proposes three eventualities that influence relational hazard and later find appropriate control: plus specificity. environmental uncertainness and dealing frequence ( Williamson. 1979 ) . Yet. as the maker possesses no specific assets related to a certain provider. at 4 Thompson ( 1967 ) identifies three degrees of undertaking mutuality from low to high. which influence the degree of inter-organisational coordination and communicating: pooled. consecutive and mutual mutuality. 5 TCE argues that parties are merely boundedly rational and act opportunistically. Therefore. the entire cost of outsourcing is the amount of both the supplied constituent costs and the dealing costs. including costs for dialogue. pulling up contracts. coordination. control and hazard of timeserving behavior ( van der Meer-Kooistra A ; Vosselman. 2000 ) . 8 least non in the fabrication stage of the supply concatenation. there is no lock-in to supplier timeserving behavior. 6 Hence. unlike uncertainness and dealing frequence. plus specificity does non act upon supplier timeserving behavior in MSRs and is non included in our theoretical model. Consistent with being a cardinal eventuality research construct. environmental uncertainness besides forms a powerful feature of MSRs ( Chenhall. 2003 ) . In peculiar. this eventuality relates to general market uncertainnesss and uncertainness about unknown hereafter eventualities ( Kamminga A ; van der Meer-Kooistra. 2007 ; Langfield-Smith A ; Smith. 2003 ; van der Meer-Kooistra A ; Vosselman. 2000 ) . Because maker and provider interact under these uncertainnesss. both parties face alterations over clip. which require elaborate contracts ( Dekker. 2004 ) . However. uncomplete contract theory argues that there exist restrictions in pulling up complete contracts. because all future eventualities can non be foreseen. are excessively expensive to anticipate or are excessively expensive or impossible to contract upon ( Gietzmann. 1996 ) . Consequently. the combination of uncertainness and uncomplete contracts leads to possible timeserving behavior of the provider. Harmonizing to TCE. more frequent interactions lower the possibility of timeserving behavior ( Williamson. 1979 ) . So. to continue a positive relation between eventualities and relational hazard. we could use rarity as eventuality variable ( e. g. Anderson A ; Dekker. 2005 ) . Yet. as we study MSRs with no connexion to commercial dialogues finding the contract term. we include the antecedent relational stableness purpose. This eventuality relates to the manufacturer’s purpose of continued future interactions with the provider and serves to construct bilateral committedness ( Cooper A ; Slagmulder. 2004 ) . We argue that MSRs. in which relational stableness is considered necessary and therefore aspired by the maker. are capable to higher relational hazard. For illustration. if supplier shift costs are high due to high mutuality. high committedness from the maker could motivate the provider to accept lower quality or bringing public presentation. Besides including a dealing environment feature and a dealing characteristic. we besides incorporate a dealing party characteristic ( Langfield-Smith A ; Smith. 2003 ; van der Meer-Kooistra A ; Vosselman. 2000 ) . In peculiar. we include supplier cognition importance. which encompasses the grade of importance for the maker to cognize the provider and to be able to measure features. such as direction competency. trustiness and willingness to portion proprietary cognition. Normally. this sort of appraisal is done by agencies of first-hand or second-hand experience. Hence. we argue that when the 6 Obviously. providers do hold specific assets in topographic point. rendering them vulnerable to timeserving behavior from the portion of the maker. However. this survey and the developed theoretical model merely concentrate on provider timeserving behavior. 9 importance of provider cognition rises. the hazard for insufficient or erroneous appraisal and subsequent provider timeserving behavior additions. 2. 3. Management control system Although MCSs have been conceptualised and categorised in assorted ways. the current direction control literature has reached a consensus on two types of direction controls. viz. formal and informal control instruments ( Langfield-Smith A ; Smith. 2003 ) . Obviously. analyzing the use of informal controls compared to formal controls requires both control types to be included in the theoretical model. Formal controls are explicitly set up to organize the MSR and include outcome controls and behavior controls. Outcome control involves the measuring and rating of the results of operations against pre-defined results or marks. by utilizing several public presentation measuring techniques ( Ouchi. 1979 ; Dekker. 2004 ) . The most of import result prosodies for MSRs are per centum of defects. quality of delivered goods and on clip bringing of goods ( Gunasekaran. Patel A ; McGaughey. 2004 ) . Behavioural control concerns the specification and existent surveillance of behavior. by agencies of regulations and criterion processs ( Ouchi. 1979 ) . Additionally. behaviour control includes measuring conformity with pre-specified planning. processs. regulations and ordinances ( Dekker. 2004 ) . Informal controls ( besides called societal controls ) are non explicitly designed. but are grown out of shared norms and values. shaped by frequent interaction. meetings and direction attitude ( Ouchi. 1979 ; Merchant. 1998 ) . Particularly trust building7 has emerged as a really of import informal control instrument in inter-organizational MCSs ( e. g. Dekker. 2004 ) . While formal controls cut down the hazard by changing the inducements for underperformance and timeserving behavior. trust mitigates hazard by minimising the fright of underperformance and timeserving behavior to happen ( Das and Teng 2001 ) . Therefore. we include three types of inter-organizational trust edifice. viz. constructing contractual trust. competency trust and good will trust ( Sako. 1992 ) . 8 Contractual trust consequences from old contractual dealingss or grows during the MSR 7 Rousseau. Sitkin. Burt A ; Camerer ( 1998. p. 394 ) . Define trust as a psychological province consisting the purpose to accept exposure. based upon positive outlooks of the purposes or behavior of another . Harmonizing to them trust is non a behavior ( cooperation ) . or a pick ( e. g. taking a hazard ) . but an implicit in psychological status that can do or ensue from such actions ( Rousseau et al. . 1998. p. 395 ; italics added ) . As such. trust in itself can non be a control instrument in the MCS of MSRs. Alternatively. the control techniques are the actions the maker performs to make and construct trust in the provider. 8 Contractual trust is based on the outlook that the provider will maintain promises and comply with understandings made. whether these10 ( Sako. 1992 ) . Competence trust is increased by old good public presentation. i. e. good quality and bringing consequences. Furthermore. competency trust consequences from purchasing activities from reputable providers or reassigning competencies to the provider. Additionally. merchandise and/or procedure enfranchisement and procedure standardization enhance competency trust ( Sako. 1992 ) . To develop goodwill trust. Sako ( 1992 ) identifies shared values and norms as necessary. but deficient. as dealing parties besides need to demo the willingness to be indebted to each other. Gulati ( 1995 ) stresses making and turning an inter-organizational bond of friendly relationship to trip goodwill trust ( Gulati. 1995 ) . Other possible good will trust instigators are synergistic end puting. trustworthiness repute and a long term relationship ( Dekker. 2004 ) . Following to these specific trust edifice mechanisms. the literature besides proposes an of import overall trust edifice technique. viz. close interaction. based on common involvements and established by agencies of joint determination devising and joint job work outing via a joint relationship board and/or joint undertaking groups ( Das A ; Teng. 2001 ; Dekker. 2004 ) . 9 Besides trust edifice. MSRs can be governed by another type of informal control. which Ouchi ( 1979 ) refers to as kin control. Based on shared norms. values and a common inter-organizational end. supplier behavior in the involvement of the MSR will be reinforced. because providers are motivated to accomplish the end ( Das A ; Teng. 2001 ) . This incentive consequences from inter-organisational societal force per unit area ( Spekle. 2001 ) exerted by the maker. which we believe is societal control in its actual significance. Because of high mutuality between maker and provider. below standard consequences of the provider straight impact the manufacturer’s public presentation. Consequently. provider direction is unpleasantly confronted with maker direction and faces personal humiliation because of the mistake. Additionally. provider direction runs the hazard of their repute and personal relationship with interacting maker direction acquiring injured. Besides Dyer A ; Singh ( 1998 ) reference repute and personal dealingss as societal control mechanisms. besides norms and trust. By moving as negatively valued societal countenances ( Bijlsma- are contractually stipulated or non. Competence trust concerns the outlook that the provider possesses the necessary proficient and managerial competencies to present the order as agreed. Goodwill trust respects the outlook that the supplier portions an unfastened committedness. with the willingness to execute activities good to the MSR. but perchance neither in the supplier’s involvement nor required by the contract ( Sako. 1992 ) . 9 Other potency overall trust edifice techniques in a MSR are communicating via regular inter-organizational meetings ( Chalos A ; O’Connor. 2004 ; Das A ; Teng. 2001 ) . information sharing of job countries ( Chalos A ; O’Connor. 2004 ) . provider development activities ( Carr A ; Ng. 1995 ) . networking ( Das A ; Teng. 2001 ) . preparation ( Chalos A ; O’Connor. 2004 ) and the extent to which the employees of both parties understand the factors guaranting the collaboration’s hereafter success ( Chalos A ; O’Connor. 2004 ) . 11 Frankema A ; Costa. 2005 ) . these societal effects create inducements for satisfactory provider public presentation and render provider self-interest difficult to prolong ( Spekle. 2001 ) . If we assume operational snags to be day-today concern in MSRs. this societal force per unit area creates an informal agencies to extenuate hazard in MSRs. 3. Research methodological analysis 3. 1. Case study research The empirical portion of this paper is based on an in deepness instance survey. which is an probe of a existent life phenomenon. trusting on multiple beginnings of grounds and benefiting from anterior development of theoretical propositions ( Yin. 1994 ) . This research method suits our research that concerns polishing bing interorganizational direction control theory for the comparatively under-explored fabricating stage of the supply concatenation. 10 Harmonizing to Keating ( 1995 ) . such theory polish needs a clear theoretical get downing point. supplemented with openness to the find of unexpected findings. To equilibrate these theory fond regard and withdrawal demands. we developed a theoretical model to steer the informations aggregation. but at the same clip used informations aggregation techniques leting sufficient openness. Furthermore. several interorganizational direction control instance surveies ( e. g. Cooper A ; Slagmulder. 2004 ; Dekker. 2004 ; Kamminga A ; van der Meer-Kooistra. 2007 ; Nicholson et Al. . 2006 ) strengthen the statement that instances allow look intoing in item the construction and act uponing variables of IORs ( Sartorius A ; Kirsten. 2005 ) . These surveies show that theory polish of MCS design can be adequately investigated by agencies of qualitative research. The societal significance of inter-organizational MCSs. particularly sing the usage and reading of informal controls. and the subsequent behavior of companies and employees is really complex. So if we merely skim the surface. we will neer detect how different parties interpret certain IORs and whether the MCS is designed consequently. This statement non merely justifies the pick for a instance survey. but besides forms the ground 10 Our research corresponds to look intoing a complex phenomenon within its existent life context of which empirical grounds is instead limited. and replying how and why inquiries about this phenomenon. for which instance survey research is most suitable ( Eisenhardt. 1989 ; Yin. 1994 ) . Furthermore. Keating ( 1995 ) argues that instance surveies suit three ends and that our theory polish end represents the in-between land between theory find ( depicting novel phenomena ) and theory defense ( disconfirming good specified theories by conveying in negative grounds ) . More specifically. our instance research is of the theory illustration type. documenting previously thankless facets of direction accounting practice and placing aspects of the illustrated theory that require reformulation or more strict specification ( Keating. 1995. p. 71 ) . Indeed. the end of this survey is to exemplify how makers design supplier MCSs. to what extent this design differs from designs in other IORs and how

Biography of Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Supreme Court Justice

Biography of Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg (born Joan Ruth Bader on March 15, 1933) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. She was first appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals in 1980 by President Jimmy Carter, then to the Supreme Court by President Bill Clinton in 1993, taking the oath of office on August 10, 1993. After former Justice Sandra Day OConnor, Ginsburg is the second-ever female justice to be confirmed to the court. Along with justices Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, she is one of only four female justices ever to be confirmed. Fast Facts: Ruth Bader Ginsburg Full Name: Joan Ruth Bader GinsburgNickname: The Notorious RBGOccupation: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United StatesBorn: March 15, 1933 in Brooklyn, New YorkParents’ Names: Nathan Bader and Celia Amster BaderSpouse: Martin D. Ginsburg (deceased 2010)Children: Jane C. Ginsburg (born 1955) and James S. Ginsburg (born 1965)Education: Cornell University, Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi, B.A. in government 1954; Harvard Law School (1956-58); Columbia Law School, LL.B. (J.D.) 1959Published Works: Harvard Law Review Columbia Law Review â€Å"Civil Procedure in Sweden† (1965), â€Å"Text, Cases, and Materials on Sex-Based Discrimination† (1974)Key Accomplishments: First female member of the Harvard Law Review, American Bar Associations Thurgood Marshall Award (1999) Generally considered part of the court’s moderate-to-liberal wing, Ginsburgs decisions reflect her support of gender equality, workers’ rights and constitutional separation of church and state. In 1999, the American Bar Association gave her its coveted Thurgood Marshall Award for her years of advocacy for gender equality, civil rights, and social justice. Early Years and Education Ruth Bader Ginsburg was born on March 15, 1933, in Brooklyn, New York, during the height of the Great Depression. Her father, Nathan Bader, was a furrier, and her mother, Celia Bader, worked in a clothing factory. From watching her mother forego high school in order to put her brother through college, Ginsburg gained a love for education. With the constant encouragement and help of her mother, Ginsburg excelled as a student at James Madison High School. Her mother, who had so greatly influenced her early life, died from cancer the day before her graduation ceremony. Ginsburg continued her education at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, graduating Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi at the top of her class with a Bachelor of Arts degree in government in 1954. Later the same year, she married Martin Ginsburg, a law student she met at Cornell. Soon after their marriage, the couple moved to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, where Martin was stationed as an officer in the U.S. Army Reserve. While living in Oklahoma, Ginsburg worked for the Social Security Administration, where she was demoted for being pregnant. Ginsburg put her education on hold to start a family, giving birth to her first child, Jane, in 1955. Law School In 1956, after her husband’s completion of his military service, Ginsburg enrolled at Harvard Law School as one of only nine women in a class with over 500 men. In a 2015 interview with the New York Times, Ginsburg recalls being asked by the Dean of Harvard Law, â€Å"How do you justify taking a spot from a qualified man?† Though embarrassed by the question, Ginsburg offered the tongue-in-cheek response, â€Å"My husband is a second-year law student, and it’s important for a woman to understand her husband’s work.† In 1958, Ginsburg transferred to Columbia University Law School, where she earned her Bachelor of Laws degree in 1959, tying for first in her class. Over the course of her college years, she became the first woman to be published in both the prestigious Harvard Law Review and Columbia Law Review. Early Legal Career Not even her excellent academic record made Ginsburg immune to the overt gender-based discrimination of the 1960s. In her first attempt to find work out of college, Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter refused to hire her as his law clerk because of her gender. However, aided by a forceful recommendation from her professor at Columbia, Ginsburg was hired by U.S. District Judge Edmund L. Palmieri, working as his law clerk until 1961. Offered jobs at several law firms, but dismayed by finding them always to be at a much lower salary than those offered to her male counterparts, Ginsburg chose to join the Columbia Project on International Civil Procedure. The position required her to live in Sweden while doing research for her book on Swedish Civil Procedure practices. After returning to the States in 1963, she taught at Rutgers University Law School until accepting a full professorship at Columbia University Law School in 1972. In route to becoming the first tenured female professor at Columbia, Ginsburg headed the Women’s Rights Project of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). In this capacity, she argued six women’s rights cases before the U.S. Supreme Court from 1973 to 1976, winning five of them and setting legal precedents that would lead to significant changes in the law as it affects women. At the same time, however, Ginsburg’s record shows that she believed the law should be â€Å"gender-blind† and ensure equal rights and protections to persons of all genders and sexual orientations. For example, one of the five cases she won while representing the ACLU dealt with a provision of the Social Security Act that treated women more favorably than men by granting certain monetary benefits to widows but not to widowers. Judicial Career: Court of Appeals and Supreme Court On April 14, 1980, President Carter nominated Ginsburg to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. With her nomination confirmed by the Senate on June 18, 1980, she was sworn in later the same day. She served until August 9, 1993, when she was officially elevated to the U.S. Supreme Court. Ginsburg was nominated as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court by President Clinton on June 14, 1993, to fill the seat vacated by the retirement of Justice Byron White. As she entered her Senate confirmation hearings, Ginsburg carried with her the American Bar Association’s Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary’s â€Å"well qualified† rating- its highest possible rating for prospective justices.  Ã‚   In her Senate Judiciary Committee hearing, Ginsburg declined to answer questions about the constitutionality of some issues on which she might have to rule as a Supreme Court justice, such as the death penalty. However, she did confirm her belief that the Constitution implied an overall right to privacy, and clearly addressed her constitutional philosophy as it applied to gender equality. The full Senate confirmed her nomination by a vote of 96 to 3 on August 3, 1993, and she was sworn in on August 10, 1993. Official Supreme Court Portrait of Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Public Domain Supreme Court Record Over the course of her tenure on the Supreme Court, some of Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s written opinions and arguments during deliberations on landmark cases have reflected her lifelong advocacy for gender equality and equal rights. United States v. Virginia (1996): Ginsburg wrote the Court’s majority opinion holding that the previously male-only Virginia Military Institute could not deny admission to women based solely on their gender.Olmstead v. L.C. (1999): In this case involving the rights of female patients confined in state mental hospitals, Ginsburg wrote the Court’s majority opinion holding that under Title II of the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), persons with mental disabilities have the right to live in the community rather than in institutions if medically and financially approved to do so.Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire Rubber Co. (2007): Though she voted in the minority in this case of gender-based wage discrimination, Ginsburg’s passionate dissenting opinion moved President Barack Obama to press Congress to pass the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, overturning the Supreme Court’s 2007 ruling by making it clear that the time period allowed for the filing of proven claims of pay discrimination based on gender, race, national origin, age, religion, or disability may not be limited. As the first law signed by President Obama, a framed copy of the Lilly Ledbetter Act hangs in Justice Ginsburg’s office. Safford Unified School District v. Redding (2009): While she did not write the majority opinion, Ginsburg is credited with influencing the Court’s 8-1 ruling that a public school had violated the Fourth Amendment rights of a 13-year-old female student by ordering her to strip to her bra and underpants so that she could be searched for drugs by school authorities.Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Ginsburg is considered to have been instrumental in influencing the Court’s 5-4 decision in Obergefell v. Hodges that ruled same-sex marriage legal in all 50 states. For years, she had shown her support for the practice by officiating same-sex marriages and by challenging arguments against it while the case was still in the appellate courts. Since being seated on the Court in 1993, Ginsburg has never missed a day of oral argument, even while undergoing treatment for cancer and following her husbands death. In January 2018, shortly after President Donald Trump released a list of his potential Supreme Court nominees, the then 84-year-old Ginsburg silently signaled her intent to remain on the Court by hiring a full set of law clerks through 2020. On July 29, 2018, Ginsburg stated in an interview with CNN that she planned to serve on the Court until age 90. â€Å"I’m now 85,† Ginsburg said. â€Å"My senior colleague, Justice John Paul Stevens, he stepped down when he was 90, so think I have about at least five more years.†Ã‚   Cancer Surgery (2018) On December 21, 2018, Justice Ginsburg underwent surgery for the removal of two cancerous nodules from her left lung. According to the Supreme Court press office, there â€Å"was no evidence of any remaining disease,† following the procedure performed at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City. â€Å"Scans performed before surgery indicated no evidence of disease elsewhere in the body. Currently, no further treatment is planned,† stated the court, adding, â€Å"Justice Ginsburg is resting comfortably and is expected to remain in the hospital for a few days.†Ã‚  The nodules were discovered during tests Ginsburg underwent in relationship to a fall that fractured three of her ribs on Nov. 7. On December 23, just two days after the surgery the Supreme Court reported that Justice Ginsburg was working from her hospital room. During the week of January 7, 2019, Ginsburg failed to attend oral arguments for the first time in her 25 years on the bench of the Supreme Court. However, the Court reported on January 11 that she would return to work and would need no further medical treatment. â€Å"Post-surgery evaluation indicates no evidence of remaining disease, and no further treatment is required,† said court spokeswoman Kathleen Arberg. â€Å"Justice Ginsburg will continue to work from home next week and will participate in the consideration and decision of the cases on the basis of the briefs and the transcripts of oral arguments. Her recovery from surgery is on track.† Personal and Family Life Less than a month after she graduated from Cornell in 1954, Ruth Bader married Martin D. Ginsburg, who would later enjoy a successful career as a tax attorney. The couple had two children: a daughter Jane, born in 1955, and a son James Steven, born in 1965. Today, Jane Ginsburg is a professor at Columbia Law School and James Steven Ginsburg is the founder and president of Cedille Records, a Chicago-based classical music recording company. Ruth Bader Ginsburg now has four grandchildren. Martin Ginsburg died of complications from metastatic cancer on June 27, 2010, just four days after the couple celebrated their 56th wedding anniversary. The couple often spoke fondly of their shared parenting and income-earning marriage. Ginsburg once described Martin as â€Å"the only young man I dated who cared that I had a brain.† Martin once explained the reason for their long and successful marriage: â€Å"My wife doesnt give me any advice about cooking and I dont give her any advice about the law.† The day after her husband’s death, Ruth Bader Ginsburg was at work hearing oral arguments on the final day of the Supreme Court’s 2010 term. Quotes Ruth Bader Ginsburg is known for her memorable statements both in and out of court. â€Å"I try to teach through my opinions, through my speeches, how wrong it is to judge people on the basis of what they look like, color of their skin, whether they’re men or women.† (MSNBC interview)My mother told me two things constantly. One was to be a lady, and the other was to be independent.† (ACLU)â€Å"Women will have achieved true equality when men share with them the responsibility of bringing up the next generation.† (The Record) Finally, when asked how she would like to be remembered, Ginsburg told MSNBC, â€Å"Someone who used whatever talent she had to do her work to the very best of her ability. And to help repair tears in her society, to make things a little better through the use of whatever ability she has. To do something, as my colleague (Justice) David Souter would say, outside myself.† Sources .†Ruth Bader Ginsburgâ€Å" Academy of AchievementGalanes, Philip (November 14, 2015). â€Å"†Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Gloria Steinem on the Unending Fight for Womens Rights. The New York Times.Irin Carmon, Irin and Knizhnik, Shana. â€Å"Notorious RBG: The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg.† Dey Street Books (2015). ISBN-10: 0062415832Burton, Danielle (October 1, 2007). â€Å".†10 Things You Didnt Know About Ruth Bader Ginsburg US News World Report.Lewis, Neil A. (June 15, 1993). â€Å".†The Supreme Court: Woman in the News; Rejected as a Clerk, Chosen as a Justice: Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331

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Salem Witch Trials - Essay Example The fear that swept through the colony would in today's time be irrational but during this era of Puritanism it was a balanced and bona fide response. Puritans believed that the devil offered material recompense for collusion with him. Some of the evidence used in the trials was spectral evidence whereby those who had been affected claimed they had seen the apparition of the person who had afflicted them. In order for this to happen the Devil, it was said, had to be given permission by the accused to use their shape when appearing before their victims. A minister who was involved in the trials, Increase Mather and other ministers wrote a letter to the courts of Salem insisting that spectral evidence alone should not be used to convict the accused. (Mather, 1693) During one trial the accused Mary Osgood in her defense stated "the Lord would not suffer it so to be, that the devil should afflict in an innocent persons shape". She talked about how the devil had offered her rewards for her collusion and whilst she had agreed was able to prove that actually her life had become worse since her involvement with Satan and therefore had never fulfilled any commitment made to him (Reis, 1997). Consequently her life was spared. It was the women who denied conspiracy with Satan that faced execution for witch craft and testified that they would gain absolution from God upon death due to their innocence. At Sarah Goods execution she proclaimed the following to the minister "I am no more a witch than you are a wizard and if you take away my life God will give you blood to drink" (Reis, 1997). During the trials the situation reached hysterical proportions and it is the sheer size of the occurrences of accusations that has warranted further investigation to create a rationale for the multitude of persecutions. Even during the trials the hysteria generated called some individuals to instigate an examination of possible alternatives to witchcraft. The initial accusations in Salem Village resulted with the testimony of Betty Parris, age 9, the daughter of Reverend Samuel Parris, the Puritan Minister of Salem during the trials, and her cousin Abigail Williams, age 11, the young girls began having fits that were said to be "beyond the power of epileptic fits or natural disease to effect" (Hale, 1697). Other women in the village also began to display similar symptoms shortly after. The women accused of affecting the girls through the powers of witchcraft were Sarah Osborne, Sarah Good and a female slave called Tituba who was indentured to the Parris family. Sarah Osborn was marri ed to one of her own servants and rarely attended church, Sarah Good was renowned for begging and asking for shelter and Tituba had a different background to that of Puritanism. The girls had accused Tituba of witchcraft and she was consequently beaten into a confession that she was indeed a witch. Due to these three individuals hardly measuring up to being what would have been deemed at the time as respectable members of the Puritan community they were obvious suspects for the rituals of witchcraft. However it wasn't long before upstanding and often influential members of their community began being accused

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Human Resource Management - Essay Example 155). Human resource planning is the process in which the organization determines and lays strategies to acquire, and maintain the right quantities of human resource pool, in the right ratios of skills ,character and knowledge to fit the organization demands at current and in the future .In a period of recession the strategies employed largely depend on the mission, vision as well as its strategies and functions .Organizations will in most times plan in anticipation of a recession .most organizations result to more efficient utilization of the available human capital especially in states in which large payoffs are required in cases of lay offs .It is inescapable to lay off in cases of large loss making sessions as has been experienced by ZAIN mobile company which operate in parts of Asia and Africa (Punnett, 2004, p. 155).. The other strategy is diversification of product lines to produce more demanded goods such as consumable goods. Companies usually take a thorough evaluation of their product or services and take note of their potential risks .survey conducted in over 130 firms in Europe and America including Microsoft corporation shows that firms engage in revenue generating rather than cost cutting strategies ,this however is common to small startup firms with large widespread firms engaging in cost cutting strategies such as low investment thus cutting on new recruitments .In response to their new skills requirement they result in hiring on contractual basis ,and limited to specific skills .Generally during recession most firms engage in short term human resource planning due to the uncertainties associated with recession ,a good example is the General motors company (Storey, 1999, p. 130). It should be noted that firm sizes affects their response to human resource planning which is largely based on firm size

Randomised control trial of a smoking cessation intervention directed Essay

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The History of Caste in India Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

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Why did UPS make a deal with Clean Energy Research Paper

Why did UPS make a deal with Clean Energy - Research Paper Example The best supplier the company found was Clean Energy Fuel Corporation. UPS and Clean Energy Fuels sign a seven year contract to supply UPS with all the natural gas it needs for its fleet. One of the advantages of the deal was that Clean Energy Fuels was going to design, build, and operate a natural gas fueling station to be used by the UPS fleet (Oc180news, 2011). UPS was very motivated by the deal due to the fact that the deal enabled the company to comply with its strategic goal of reducing its carbon footprint and dependence on petroleum. Another advantage of this eco-friendly fleet is that it reduces maintenance and operating costs. The strategy can be used by the company to improve its public relations. One of the expectations of the shareholders and other stakeholders of the company is for UPS to become an environmentally friendly company. The emissions released by vehicles that utilized gasoline is one of the major causes for air pollution and global warming. This project can be utilized as a test run to determine if the company should continue to switch its fleet of trucks to more eco-friendly vehicles such as trucks powered by natural gas. Clean Energy Fuels benefited a lot by the deal evidenced by the fact that the price of its common rose by 10.1% after the deal was announced (Casacchia, 2011).